Video representation

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What is the Video representation

 Video representation, as the name implies, specifies a way of representing a video. While some work refers to video representation as the way to present or express video content through some extracted or summarized content units such as scenes or objects, the majority regard it more as the way the video content is stored. In other words, it is about video format which describes the sequence, structure and content of frames that create the moving video image, along with any possible audio or text (closed caption) information.


1.Frame rate(FPS)
Frames per Second (fps): The standard way to measure frame rate. Higher fps means more frames displayed each second.

  • 24fps: Often used in films for a cinematic look.
  • 30fps: Common for TV and online content with a natural motion effect.
  • 60fps: Ideal for high-definition video with smooth, lifelike movement



2.Colour Depth

Color depth, also known as bit depth, is either the number of bits used to indicate the color of a single pixel, or the number of bits used for each color component of a single pixel. Common color depths include:
* 8-bit: Offers 256 colors per channel (Red, Green, Blue).
* 10-bit: Offers 1024 colors per channel, resulting in more color gradations and smoother transitions.



3.Video Compression

Video compression reduces the file size of videos for efficient storage and transmission. There are two main types:

  1. Lossy Compression: Reduces size by removing some data (e.g., H.264, VP9).

  2. Lossless Compression: Reduces size without data loss (e.g., FFV1).

Key Techniques

  • Intra-frame Compression: Reduces redundancy within a single frame.

  • Inter-frame Compression: Reduces redundancy between frames.

  • Transform Coding: Converts spatial data to frequency data.

  • Entropy Coding: Further compression using algorithms.


4. Storing and Streaming Videos

Videos are typically stored as binary data on computers. Each frame’s pixel values, compressed via codecs, are represented as sequences of 1s and 0s. When you stream a video, your computer decodes this binary data in real-time, rendering frames on your screen.

Streaming services like YouTube or Netflix employ adaptive bitrate streaming, adjusting video quality based on your internet speed to minimize buffering while ensuring a smooth experience.

Historical background

A video can be represented in either analog or digital formats. Typical analog formats include NTSC (National Television System Committee), PAL (Phase Alternating Line) and SECAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for “Sequential Color with Memory,”) which are commonly used in the domain of commercial broadcast. On the other hand, due to the rapid development of computer technologies, the...








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